Rare Book Grading
We establish the physical truth of antiquarian volumes through independent, blind bibliographical examinations and leaf-by-leaf forensic collation.
The Collation Protocol
Our three-stage blind examination ensures absolute objectivity. No single inspector dictates a grade; every volume undergoes independent physical and historical analysis.
Leaf-by-Leaf Audit
We inspect every leaf, mapping the collation formula against recorded bibliographical variants. Every tear, repair, watermark, and marginal annotation is cataloged.
Forensic Analysis
Using spectrographic analysis and ultraviolet light, we detect hidden restorations, modern paper fills, and autograph alterations that escape standard visual inspection.
The Numeric Scale
Our standardized grading system translates complex physical states into precise, universally recognized numeric values.
Fine 90–100
Very Good 70–89
Good 50–69
The highest preservation state. Original binding is pristine, leaves are bright and supple, and structural integrity is entirely uncompromised.
Minor wear consistent with careful handling. Slight toning of paper edge or superficial scuffing to leather, with no leaf loss.
A complete copy showing obvious signs of age. Moderate binding wear, occasional foxing, or minor structural repairs documented in the certificate.
Secure Archival Intake
Every submission is logged into our secure vault under continuous video surveillance. We accept shipments from private estates, auction houses, and registered antiquarian dealers globally.